Al-Ghazali. Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Freedom of Expression in Islam. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1997.
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an. Maryland: Amana Publications, 2002.
Studi Historis dan Konflik dalam Islam:
Kennedy, Hugh. The Caliphate: A Pelican Introduction. London: Penguin, 2016.
Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Ideals and Realities of Islam. London: Allen & Unwin, 1966.
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Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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