Regional variations, cultural contexts, and informal political networks can introduce heterogeneity not fully represented in the current simulations.
b. Model Assumptions
TDD assumes homogeneity in response to incentives and justice perception, while in reality, individual voters and communities exhibit diverse sensitivities influenced by socioeconomic status, education, and political history.
Social networks are represented as aggregate meso-level norms (), which may oversimplify complex interaction patterns in real-world communities.
c. Simplified Dynamics
While differential equations capture non-linear feedback and bifurcation phenomena, they abstract away some stochastic and adaptive behaviors, such as sudden shifts in voter sentiment due to media campaigns or crisis events.
Long-term historical and institutional factors are only indirectly modeled through perceived justice () and degradation (), which may limit temporal generalizability beyond the Indonesian context.
2. Future Research Directions
a. Cross-Cultural Validation
Applying TDD to other emerging democracies would test its generalizability and robustness.
Comparative studies could refine parameterization of incentives, justice perception, and social norms in diverse political contexts.