VI.1. Comparison with Universe-in-Black-Hole Models
Contrast topological boundaries, causal constraints, and observational predictions.
VI.2. Theoretical Strengths and Physical Robustness
Emphasize:
Absence of singularities,
Intrinsic variability of cosmic parameters,
Integration of information theory and geometry.
VI.3. Experimental Prospects and Challenges
Address potential constraints and methods of validation (e.g., lensing, redshift drift, gravitational wave echoes).
VII. Conclusion
VII.1. Summary of Contributions
Introduced a paradigm uniting fractal internal structure, layered cosmological topology, and quantum genesis.
Provided mathematically consistent formulations and simulation results.
VII.2. Outlook and Hypotheses for Future Testing
Propose falsifiable predictions,
Suggest next steps in observational cosmology and theory development.
VIII. References
Extensive and up-to-date citations on:
Hubble tension literature,
Void cosmologies and LTB models,
Quantum cosmogenesis,
Fractal large-scale structure,
Black hole information paradox and holographic duality.
I. Introduction
I.1. Observational Challenges to CDM Cosmology
Despite the empirical success of the CDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) model in explaining a wide range of cosmological observations, an increasing number of high-precision datasets have revealed persistent tensions and anomalies. These inconsistencies raise the possibility that the standard cosmological model is an effective approximation, requiring deeper revision or embedding within a more fundamental informational framework. Below, we highlight several of the most critical and widely discussed observational discrepancies.
Hubble Tension
One of the most pressing challenges is the Hubble tension---a statistically significant discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant H0H_0 inferred from early-universe observations (e.g., Planck CMB data assuming CDM) and that obtained from late-universe, local measurements (e.g., Cepheid-calibrated Type Ia supernovae). The latest data suggest:
H0Planck67.40.5 km/s/MpcH_0^{\text{Planck}} \approx 67.4 \pm 0.5 \ \text{km/s/Mpc}
H0SH0ES73.21.3 km/s/MpcH_0^{\text{SH0ES}} \approx 73.2 \pm 1.3 \ \text{km/s/Mpc}
The tension exceeds 55\sigma, suggesting that it cannot be fully attributed to measurement errors or local structure and may instead indicate the breakdown of CDM assumptions---particularly the assumption of a uniform background geometry and the neglect of possible dynamical or topological features beyond FLRW symmetry.
Violations of Cosmic Isotropy
The CDM model assumes large-scale statistical isotropy---that the universe looks the same in all directions at large scales. However, multiple independent observations hint at violations of this principle:
