A philosophical and multiversal interpretation was proposed, linking torsion to angular momentum exchange in a layered hyperspherical embedding of the universe, with connections to vacuum energy regulation and spin-network structure in quantum gravity.
This formulation positions Einstein--Cartan--Bianchi IX cosmology as a compelling alternative or extension to CDM---one that preserves observational viability while embedding deeper geometrical and thermodynamical coherence.
7.2 Observational Tests and Falsifiability
For any viable cosmological model, empirical testability is essential. The Einstein--Cartan--Bianchi IX framework yields multiple concrete predictions:
CMB Multipole Alignments: Preferred directions and low-\ell correlations can be statistically assessed using future datasets (e.g. LiteBIRD, CMB-S4).
Anisotropic BAO: Elliptical distortions of the BAO feature can be probed using two-point correlation function decompositions in DESI, Euclid, and SKA.
Supernova Dipoles: Directional Hubble residuals from large SN Ia compilations (e.g. Pantheon+) offer another direct constraint.
Gravitational Lensing Signatures: Torsion and vorticity imprint measurable asymmetries in shear power spectra, testable with LSST, Roman Space Telescope, and Euclid.
Curvature Evolution: The effective reduction of early positive curvature under anisotropic expansion can resolve the Planck BAO "curvature tension," testable via improved joint analyses.
Each of these provides an opportunity for falsification or validation, distinguishing this model from standard CDM or inflationary-based modifications.
7.3 Extensions to Quantum Cosmology and Loop Gravity
