(iii) Inadequate Explanation for Observed Anomalies
Despite its purpose of generating scale-invariant perturbations and smoothing initial conditions, inflation fails to robustly explain the CMB low-\ell anomalies, hemispherical asymmetry, and other observed large-angle anomalies. Some inflationary models attempt to incorporate these via super-horizon features or anisotropic expansion, but these often appear contrived or lack clear motivation from high-energy theory.
3. Implication: Need for Structural Reconsideration
The persistence of these limitations suggests that the standard cosmological model and its inflationary extension may be emergent approximations of a deeper cosmological substrate---potentially one where geometry, topology, and quantum informational structure play fundamental roles.
This paper introduces a fractal-topological cosmology in which:
Large-scale anisotropies emerge from hierarchical vacuum topology,
Cosmic parameters become position-dependent due to layered geometric dynamics,
Quantum genesis is modeled via topological interference fields rather than inflaton fields.
Such a framework offers novel mechanisms for resolving the Hubble tension, reproducing CMB anomalies without invoking inflation, and explaining the surprisingly rapid formation of massive galaxies.
C. Motivation for a Holography + Fractal + Layered Topology Framework
The growing body of observational and theoretical tensions in cosmology motivates a re-examination of the foundational assumptions underlying our models of the Universe. The inflationary CDM paradigm, despite its empirical adequacy at intermediate scales, struggles to accommodate the anomalies and emergent patterns detected at the largest and earliest observable epochs. This has encouraged a shift toward frameworks that go beyond metric-based approximations and incorporate deeper organizing principles such as topology, fractal geometry, and holographic information flow.
