Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques: Approaches and Methodology

Pertama. Research Data and Variables Data and variables are the core elements of research. Data serve as the foundation for obtaining information, while variables represent the characteristics being studied. A clear understanding of data types, variable properties, measurement scales, and validity and reliability ensures trustworthy research outcomes. As Sugiyono states, "Data are measurable or observable representations of facts, whereas variables are attributes that vary across research subjects."

Kedua. Population, Sample, and Data Collection Instruments Population, sample, and data collection instruments form essential components of research design. The population refers to the entire group of subjects under study, while the sample is a subset selected for analysis. The choice of instruments---such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, or document analysis---determines the quality of the collected data. A strong grasp of sampling techniques and instrument reliability is crucial to obtaining representative and credible results.

Ketiga. Data Collection Techniques: Quantitative and Qualitative The data collection phase is critical because it influences the validity and reliability of the research findings. Quantitative research focuses on numerical data analyzed statistically, whereas qualitative research relies on descriptive narratives, interviews, or documents that explore phenomena in depth. Therefore, the chosen method should align with the research objectives, variable types, and sample characteristics. Accuracy, ethical considerations, and methodological rigor are key to producing valid and trustworthy data.

Keempat. Data Analysis: Correlation and Influence Data analysis plays an essential role in interpreting relationships among variables and testing hypotheses. Correlation analysis identifies the strength and direction of relationships, while influence (regression) analysis measures the extent to which independent variables affect dependent ones. Mastery of these analytical techniques allows researchers to draw valid and meaningful conclusions.

Summary: Qualitative and quantitative approaches complement each other in understanding scientific phenomena. Both require accurate data, well-defined variables, and appropriate analytical techniques to produce valid, reliable, and scientifically useful findings.