Every day, schools generate various types of data: student attendance lists, exam scores, financial reports, and inventory records. All of these are still raw records that need to be processed. Accurate data will help school management make the right policies; inaccurate data, on the other hand, can be dangerous.
"Data is a treasure trove. The question is, have we managed it properly or is it still scattered in piles of paper?" stated the Head of Planning at the Education Office.
Data is divided into two types: internal data (for example, number of teachers, finances, facilities) and external data (such as the number of school-age children or trends in community needs). Data can also be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (descriptions). For example, the number of 5th grade students is quantitative data, while the results of a learning satisfaction interview are qualitative data.
Information: From Data to Meaning that Guides
Information is the result of processing data so that it carries meaning. While data are only raw records, information provides direction and significance. Information functions to reduce uncertainty, broaden insight, and support smarter decision-making.
A simple example: student attendance data processed into an absence percentage can provide information on discipline levels. Or, exam scores compiled together can yield information on student achievement trends.
"Information is like a compass. Without the right information, we can lose our way," said a senior teacher at a public elementary school.
In educational organizations, information is a strategic asset. Accurate and relevant information can improve services, strengthen planning, and build public trust. However, incorrect or delayed information can instead cause harm.
Information Quality: Determining Value and Reliability
Not all information holds the same value. The quality of information is determined by its content, timing, and form. Information must be accurate, relevant, complete, clear, and timely in order to be useful.
In schools, the quality of information is reflected in transparent academic reports, integrated attendance systems, or open financial reports. Characteristics of quality information include accessibility, flexibility, clarity, and verifiability.
