Final Conclusion
The four concepts---facts, data, information, and information quality---are inseparable. Facts are empirical realities; data is the symbolic representation of facts; information is the processed data that carries meaning; and information quality determines whether that information is worthy of being used for decision-making.
In the field of education, a deep understanding of these four concepts is essential to establish governance that is transparent, accountable, and evidence-based. With proper management of facts, data, information, and information quality, educational institutions can improve learning outcomes, strengthen management, and build public trust.
This study confirms that information systems are not merely technological tools but also strategic instruments for advancing education and supporting the broader mission of enlightening the nation.
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