Although facts are objective, their observation still depends on human instruments and perceptions. In education, teachers may interpret the same fact differently---for example, in assessing whether a "student is unfocused." Therefore, the validity of facts must be safeguarded through triangulation of data, repeated observations, and systematic documentation. Weaknesses in fact recording will have a serious impact on subsequent data and information processes.
Theoretical Review on Data
Data is the symbolic representation of facts. According to Gordon B. Davis, data is an organized group of symbols representing quantities, actions, or objects. Data itself does not carry meaning until it is processed into information. In information systems theory, data is viewed as the input that, through a series of processes, produces output in the form of information.
In the context of education, data becomes a crucial component for quality assurance. Accreditation data, national assessment data, and Dapodik (Indonesia's national education data system) are clear examples of how data is used as the foundation of policy. The quality of data determines the legitimacy and effectiveness of educational policies that are developed.
Case Study: Data in Educational Management
In the 2023/2024 academic year, a junior high school in Central Java submitted incomplete Dapodik entries. Several students were unrecorded due to late registration. As a result, the amount of school operational funds (BOS) received was reduced, since the calculation was based on officially registered student data. This case shows that inaccurate data directly affects school financing and impacts the quality of educational services. From this, it is clear that data must be continuously verified and maintained.
Critical Analysis of Data
Managing data in schools often faces obstacles such as limited human resources, insufficient technological understanding, and input errors. Incorrect data inevitably leads to incorrect information. Therefore, strong data management practices are required, covering collection, validation, storage, and utilization. System integration (for example, between Dapodik for schools and EMIS for Islamic schools) is also necessary to prevent fragmented data.
Theoretical Review on Information
Information is data that has been processed, organized, and interpreted so that it provides meaning to its recipient. Claude Shannon, in his information theory, stated that information reduces uncertainty. This means that the more relevant information one possesses, the smaller the degree of uncertainty in decision-making.
In the educational context, information goes far beyond exam reports or attendance lists. Information includes trend analysis of student achievement, competency mapping, and curriculum evaluation. Teachers and principals need information to design differentiated learning strategies, map teacher training needs, and formulate school strategic plans.
