Muhammad Sholahuddin Al-ayyubi, 5D year educational management student, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Islamic Teacher Training, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
                         A Study of the Foundations of Educational Management Research Methodology
Introduction
The phenomenon of low research methodology literacy among students and educators remains a serious problem in the world of education. Many studies are only simple descriptive in nature without mastering adequate theoretical foundations or analytical techniques. The basic assumptions of modern research require an understanding of paradigms, methods, and data analysis so that research is not merely an academic requirement but is capable of providing strategic solutions for the development of educational management. Therefore, this paper discusses four important points: the theoretical basis of quantitative research, the characteristics of quantitative research, the characteristics of qualitative research, and the types of research based on paradigms and data analysis.
First: Theoretical Basis of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is rooted in the positivist paradigm that emphasises objectivity, measurement, and verification. The relationship between theory, hypothesis, and variables becomes a scientific framework that is tested statistically. Valid and reliable instruments are crucial in determining the quality of research results. Its essential value is its ability to produce objective, generalisable, and measurable findings that can be used as a basis for policy-making in education.
Second: Specific Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses, measure variables, and explain cause-and-effect relationships. The procedures are structured through experimental designs, surveys, or ex post facto with the support of statistical analysis. Its advantages lie in objectivity, generalisation, and replication, while its limitations are a lack of understanding of the social context. Therefore, quantitative research must be combined with critical reflection to be relevant to the reality of education.
Third: Specific Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research is based on interpretive and constructivist paradigms that emphasise meaning, process, and deep understanding. Data collection techniques include interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Validity is measured through credibility and transferability, not just replication. The main value of this research is its ability to explore experiences and social dynamics that cannot be captured by numbers alone, thus providing a holistic understanding of educational phenomena.
