Diskursus Pemikiran Aristotle (9)

Meskipun tertarik pada logika formal, Aristotle  memperhitungkan pengetahuan melalui observasi indra. Aristotle  sendiri melakukan studi empiris pada beberapa subjek berbeda. Jika Platon adalah seorang rasionalis, maka Aristotle  lebih merupakan seorang empiris. Jika Platon tertarik pada matematika, Aristotle  tertarik pada botani dan zoologi. Aristotle  menerapkan metode klasifikasi dan definisinya yang terkenal melalui genus proximum et differentialia spesifik (kelas tertinggi terdekat dan ciri pembeda) pada spesies hewan di Laut Aegea. Biologi   mencirikan pandangan dunia teleologisnya.

Etika Aristotelian berasumsi  kebahagiaan adalah kebaikan tertinggi. Kebahagiaan terletak pada realisasi akal, khususnya manusia. Aristotle  percaya  seseorang dapat belajar bertindak melalui kebiasaan. Manusia mempunyai alasan praktis dan teoritis, sehingga terdapat keutamaan praktis dan teoritis. Kebajikan "praktis" dicirikan oleh moderasi, jalan tengah. Aristotle  membagi berbagai disiplin ilmu menjadi teoritis dan praktis, dimana i.a. milik etika. Pembagian filsafat teoretis dan praktis bermula dari pembedaan Aristotle  ini.

Citasi:

• Ackrill, J., Aristotle the Philosopher, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
• Aristotle, Metaphysics, Joe Sachs (trans.), Green Lion Press, 1999.
• __, Nicomachean Ethics, Joe Sachs (trans.), Focus Philosophical Library, Pullins Press, 2002.
• __, On the Soul, Joe Sachs (trans.), Green Lion Press, 2001.
• __, Poetics, Joe Sachs (trans.), Focus Philosophical Library, Pullins Press, 2006.
• Back, A.T. Aristotle's Theory of Predication. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
• Barnes, J., ed. The Complete Works of Aristotle, Volumes I and II, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
• Biondi, Paolo C. (ed. and trans.), (2004), Aristotle: Posterior Analytics ii 19, Paris: Librairie-Philosophique-J-Vrin.
• Bostock, David, 1980/2006, 'Aristotle's Account of Time in Space, Time, Matter, and Form: Essays on Aristotle's Physics, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
• Charlton, W., Physics Books I and II, translated with introduction, commentary, Note on Recent Work, and revised Bibliography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
• Graham, D., Physics, Book VIII, translated with a commentary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Hamlyn, D., De Anima II and III, with Passages from Book I, translated with a commentary, and with a review of recent work by Christopher Shields, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Hussey, E., Physics Books III and IV, translated with an introduction and notes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983; new impression with supplementary material, 1993.
• Irwin, Terence, 1981, 'Homonymy in Aristotle,' Review of Metaphysics,
• __, 1988, Aristotle's First Principles, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Jaeger, W. Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development. 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.
• Jiminez, E. R. "Mind in Body in Aristotle." The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle, edited by C. Baracchi, Bloomsbury, 2014.
• Jiminez, E. R. Aristotle's Concept of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Nakahata, M. "Aristotle and Descartes on Perceiving That We See." The Journal of Greco-Roman Studies, vol. 53, no. 3, 2014,
• Ross, W. D., 1923, Aristotle, London: Methuen and Co.
• Weinman, M. Pleasure in Aristotle's Ethics. London: Continuum, 2007.