Exploration of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodologies and Techniques for the Development of Science

Salma Siti Fauziah/5th Semester Student/D Department of Islamic Education Management, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University, Bandung

A strong understanding of research methodology is essential given global trends such as the digital revolution, economic dynamics, and educational inequality. These phenomena highlight the importance of scientific methods in creating evidence-based policies. Impartiality, validity, reliability, and credibility of data are considered the foundations of good research. However, students' poor understanding of the differences between quantitative and qualitative approaches and data analysis tools remains a problem. To produce accurate scientific data that is useful for decision making, this paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of research methodology and procedures.

First, Data and variables are key components in scientific research. Data represents facts, and variables explain the phenomena being studied. There are two categories of data: qualitative data, which is descriptive and explains social meaning, and quantitative data, which is numerical and can be processed statistically. To understand the sources and impacts of a phenomenon, research variables include independent, dependent, moderator, and mediator variables that are interrelated. In addition, measurement scales, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales, are used to determine the appropriate type of analysis. Valid and reliable research is characterized by the ability of instruments to measure accurately and produce consistent data.

Second, Population and sample play an important role in determining the representation of research results. The population includes all objects studied, while the sample is a part of the population that is analyzed. Sampling techniques are divided into two types, namely probability and non-probability. Probability techniques give each member of the population an equal chance of being selected, while non-probability techniques are based on specific criteria. Data collection instruments such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, tests, and document analysis must be tested and verified to ensure their validity. The selection of the appropriate population, sample, and instruments will produce representative data and support the validity of the research conclusions. 

Third, The quality of research results is determined by the data collection method. Quantitative approaches use questionnaires, tests, and documentation to produce numerical data suitable for statistical analysis. Meanwhile, qualitative approaches use document analysis, observation, and interviews to obtain more meaningful and contextual knowledge. Researchers must use techniques such as triangulation, instrument testing, enumerator training, and rigorous documentation to ensure data accuracy. In addition, research ethics are very important and include matters such as respondent consent, data confidentiality, transparency of objectives, and avoidance of manipulation. Valid and reliable data that accurately reflect field conditions will be produced through an ethical and appropriate approach.

Fourth, Because it analyzes the relationship between variables and tests hypotheses, the data analysis stage is very important in the research process. Correlation analysis is used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, using methods such as Pearson for interval data, Spearman for ordinal data, and Kendall for small samples. Influence analysis measures the extent to which independent variables affect dependent variables using basic and multivariate linear regression. While multiple regression uses many variables simultaneously to identify dominant elements, simple regression analyzes only one direct relationship. Through proper analysis, researchers can produce accurate and relevant scientific findings that form the basis for policy-making. 

Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and techniques are the main foundations for producing scientific and accountable research. Understanding data, variables, populations, samples, and data collection instruments is crucial for accurate and relevant research results. The use of appropriate data collection and analysis methods, accompanied by the application of research ethics, will ensure that the data is valid, reliable, and reflects the reality in the field. Thus, research is not only an academic activity but also serves as the basis for evidence-based decision-making and policy-making. 

This article is a review of Part VI (Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodology and Techniques) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A Rusdiana, M.M

(https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673) 

sumber: by dokpri