Conclusion
     The conflict between Iran and Israel in mid-2025 marks a new chapter in the dynamics of contemporary warfare. The military escalation involving Israel's pre-emptive strikes and the United States' direct intervention against Iran's nuclear facilities have expanded the dimensions of the conflict from regional to global. On the other hand, Iran's missile retaliation and the enormous civilian impact-including casualties, damage to medical infrastructure, and restrictions on internet access demonstrate that modern warfare is no longer limited to conventional battlefields, but has simultaneously targeted civilian and digital spaces. In the context of international relations, this conflict reinforces the realist view that states, as rational actors, will always prioritize their survival by ignoring international norms when necessary. Moreover, the failure of multilateral diplomacy shows that collective mechanisms such as the UN and OIC are not strong enough to stop conflicts when major states are not in a position to compromise.
     The 2025 Iran and Israel conflict shows how advanced military technology, power imbalances and complex regional dynamics can make war faster, deadlier and more difficult to control. To prevent further escalation, an active role for international mediators is needed to promote an inclusive diplomatic process and consistent enforcement of international humanitarian law. Without that, the world risks witnessing the transformation of this conflict into an open war involving various state and non-state actors, with a much more destructive impact on global peace.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Al Jazeera. (2025, June 21). Iran says over 400 killed, 3,000 wounded in Israeli--US airstrikes. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/21/iran-airstrikes-casualties Â
Associated Press. (2025, June 21). US steps into war between Israel and Iran, strikes 3 Iranian nuclear sites. https://apnews.com/article/a7b0cdaba28b5817467ccf712d214579Â Â
Byman, D. (2005). Deadly connections: States that sponsor terrorism. Cambridge University Press.
Ehteshami, A. (2002). After Khomeini: The Iranian second republic. Routledge.
International Committee of the Red Cross. (1949). Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gc-1949Â
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. W. W. Norton & Company.
Reuters. (2025, June 20). Iran says no to nuclear talks during conflict as UN urges restraint. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-air-war-enters-second-week-europe-pushes-diplomacy-2025-06-20/Â
The Guardian. (2025, June 21). Israel--Iran war live: Iran launches drones towards Israel as US reportedly moves B-2 bombers to Guam. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/21/israel-iran-war-liveÂ
