Foundations in Research: Uncovering Quantitative-Qualitative Methodology and Techniques

By Melinda Rizka Putria (12320109)
5th Semester Student/D Department of Islamic Education Management, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Bachelor's Degree Program, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Global phenomena show increasing data complexity due to the digital revolution, educational access inequality, and rapid economic dynamics. In the context of education, research is an important means of producing evidence-based policies. However, there is still a gap in students' understanding of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, sampling techniques, the use of data collection instruments, and data analysis skills. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of research methodology and techniques so that students are able to manage data systematically, distinguish between research approaches, and interpret research results appropriately to support evidence-based decision making.

First: Data and variables are key components in research. Data serves as information, while variables explain the phenomena being analyzed. Understanding the types of data, measurement scales, and the validity and reliability of instruments is important for obtaining valid results. Variables are classified as independent, dependent, moderating, and mediating to explain cause-and-effect relationships. The selection of population and sample, data collection techniques such as questionnaires, observation, or interviews, and the selection of statistical tests must be appropriate to the nature of the data. For example, analyzing the relationship between a principal's leadership style and learning motivation helps generate appropriate and evidence-based education policies.

Second: Population, sample, and data collection instruments are important elements in research because they determine the accuracy and representativeness of the results. The population includes all individuals who are the focus of the research, while the sample is a part of the population that is selected randomly or based on certain criteria for analysis. The selection of instruments such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, tests, and documents must be tailored to the research objectives. Valid and reliable instruments will produce accurate data, while the selection of an appropriate sample allows for objective and efficient generalization of research findings and supports evidence-based policies in education management.

Third: Data collection techniques are an important stage in research because they determine the validity and reliability of the results. In a quantitative approach, data is obtained through questionnaires, tests, and documentation to produce numerical information that can be analyzed statistically. Meanwhile, qualitative research uses in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to explore the meaning behind phenomena. The choice of technique must be tailored to the objectives, sample characteristics, and type of variables being studied. By applying quantitative and qualitative methods appropriately, researchers can produce valid, comprehensive data that supports evidence-based decision-making in education management.

Fourth: Data analysis is a crucial stage in research because it serves to interpret the relationships between variables and test hypotheses. Correlation analysis is used to measure the strength and direction of relationships between variables, while influence analysis through simple and multiple linear regression assesses the extent to which independent variables influence dependent variables. The selection of techniques such as Pearson, Spearman, or Kendall must be tailored to the type and distribution of data. In educational management research, mastery of correlation and regression techniques helps researchers draw valid conclusions, explain relationship patterns, and support objective and scientific data-based decision-making.

The overall discussion shows that quantitative and qualitative research methodologies play a strategic role in producing valid and relevant data for decision-making in the field of educational management. Understanding data, variables, populations, samples, and data collection instruments is fundamental to producing quality research. Meanwhile, the ability to analyze relationships and influences between variables ensures that research results can be interpreted scientifically. Thus, mastery of research methodology and techniques not only strengthens students' academic competence but also encourages evidence-based research that supports the improvement of education policy and practice.

This article is a review of Part 6 (Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology and Techniques) of the teaching materials for the Research Methods in Management course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A Rusdiana, M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673).

(source : CV Melinda Rizka Putria)