Qualitative and quantitative research technique : approaches and metodology

Qualitative and quantitative research are two main scientific approaches that complement each other in understanding social and educational realities. The quantitative approach emphasizes objective measurement, statistical analysis, and generalization of results, while the qualitative approach focuses on deep understanding of context and meaning. In the field of educational management, both serve as essential foundations for developing evidence-based policies. By understanding the differences in paradigms, methods, and data collection techniques of these two approaches, researchers can design studies that are valid, reliable, and relevant to the needs of educational quality development.

First: Research Data and Variables
Data and variables are fundamental in scientific research. Data function as sources of information that can be processed, while variables describe the phenomena being studied. Understanding the types of data (quantitative and qualitative), the characteristics of variables, and measurement scales determines the accuracy of analysis. In the quantitative approach, data take the form of numbers that can be statistically tested, while in the qualitative approach, data appear as meaningful narratives. Independent, dependent, moderating, and mediating variables help researchers discover cause-and-effect relationships within social or educational contexts, so that research findings can be applied accurately and contribute to the development of data-driven policies.

Second: Population, Sample, and Data Collection Instruments
A population includes all individuals or objects of study, while a sample is a portion selected to represent it. Sampling techniques can be probabilistic (random) or non-probabilistic (based on specific criteria). Data collection instruments such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, tests, and documents play an important role in ensuring the validity and reliability of research results. Selecting instruments appropriate to the research objectives and conducting content validity tests are crucial steps to obtain representative and credible data. Without proper planning of samples and instruments, research results risk being biased and ungeneralizable.

Third: Data Collection Techniques --- Quantitative and Qualitative
Quantitative research uses data collection techniques such as questionnaires, tests, and documentation to produce numerical data for statistical analysis. Conversely, qualitative research relies on in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to explore meaning and context. Both can be combined to produce a comprehensive understanding of educational phenomena. Data triangulation, instrument testing, and enumerator training are essential strategies for maintaining data accuracy and consistency. By applying research ethics such as informed consent and confidentiality, the data collection process can be conducted validly and ethically.

Data analysis serves to interpret relationships among variables through correlation and influence testing. Appropriate analytical techniques help researchers draw valid and relevant conclusions. Quantitative research employs statistical analyses such as Pearson correlation and regression, while qualitative research interprets thematic patterns from interviews or observations. Both contribute to the development of knowledge and data-driven policy. By understanding methodology and applying proper analysis, research can produce valid, credible, and useful findings that enhance educational quality and strengthen scientific management practices in the field.

This article is a review of Part 6 (Methodology and Techniques of Quantitative and Qualitative Research) from the learning material of the Educational Management Research Methods course taught by Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M.
Source: https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673