English Version
It is concerned with managing an entire production system that converts inputs (in the forms of raw materials, labor, consumables, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and services for consumers).
Operations management covers sectors like banking systems, hospitals, companies, working with suppliers, customers, and using technology. Operations is one of the major functions in an organization along with supply chains, marketing, finance and human resources. The operations function requires management of both the strategic and day-to-day production of goods and services.
 The history of production and operation systems begins around 5000 B.C. when Sumerian priests developed the ancient system of recording inventories, loans, taxes, and business transactions. The next major historical application of operation systems occurred in 4000 B.C., when the Egyptians started using planning, organization, and control in large projects such as the construction of the pyramids. By 1100 B.C., labor was being specialized in China; by about 370 B.C., Xenophon described the advantages of dividing the various operations necessary for the production of shoes among different individuals in ancient Greece.
one man, for instance, makes shoes for men, and another for women; and there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, another by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but only assembles the parts.
The Industrial Revolution was facilitated by two elements:Â
Interchangeability of partsÂ
   An important leap in manufacturing efficiency came in the late eighteenth century as Eli Whitney popularized the concept of interchangeability of parts when he manufactured 10,000 muskets. Up to this point in the history of manufacturing, each product (e.g. each musket) was considered a special order, meaning that parts of a given musket were fitted only for that particular musket and could not be used in other muskets.Â
Division of labor. Â
   Division of labor has been a feature from the beginning of civilization, the extent to which the division is carried out varied considerably depending on period and location. Compared to the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery were characterized by a greater specialization in labor, which was a characteristic of the growing cities and trade networks of Europe.Â
The computer era, operational research, and modern manufacturing
• World War II spurred the development of mathematical and computational optimization (linear programming, the simplex method), which became part of operations research.
• After the war, systems such as MRP (Material Requirements Planning) were developed in America, which later evolved into MRPII and ERP.
• In Japan, Toyota developed the Toyota Production System (TPS), which emphasized Just-In-Time and automation (automation with a human touch).
• From TPS emerged the concept of lean manufacturing, which was also applied to the service sector (lean services).
• In America, Total Quality Management (TQM) emerged, initiated by figures such as Deming, Juran, and Feigenbaum, emphasizing holistic quality improvement.
• Then Six Sigma (1985–1987) emerged as a quality control approach with control limits at ±6 sigma from the mean, and tools such as DMAIC/DFSS.
