Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies: Which is More Effective for Education?

The phenomenon that has developed in the field of educational research shows that research serves as a crucial foundation for producing quality theories, policies, and practices. The two most commonly used approaches are quantitative and qualitative research. These two approaches are often perceived as different or even contradictory, whereas in reality, they complement each other. Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurement and results that can be generalized, while qualitative research focuses on a deep understanding of social phenomena. In practice, if both approaches are managed properly, the quality of educational research will become more comprehensive, balanced, and relevant to societal and educational needs.The purpose of this material is to provide an understanding of the paradigms, characteristics, strengths, limitations, and implications of quantitative and qualitative research within the context of educational management. In this way, researchers and practitioners can realize that these two approaches are not merely different, but mutually complementary.

First: Data and Research Variables; In research, data serve as the main source for drawing scientific conclusions. Quantitative data are expressed in numbers that can be statistically analyzed, while qualitative data consist of narratives or interpretations of social phenomena. Variables are essential elements that indicate the aspects being studied whether as causes (independent), effects (dependent), or influencing factors (moderator or mediator). To ensure research validity, data must possess high levels of validity and reliability. Understanding the types of data, variables, and measurement scales forms the foundational basis for developing logical and accurate research methods.

Second: Population, Sample, and Data Collection Instruments; A population refers to the entire group of objects or subjects under study, while a sample represents a portion of the population considered representative. Sampling can be conducted randomly (probability) or through specific considerations (non-probability). In educational research, sampling must account for proportionality and relevance to research objectives. Instruments such as questionnaires, interviews, or observations must first be tested for validity and reliability. Without proper instruments, collected data may be biased and fail to represent the actual conditions in the field.

Third: Data Collection Techniques in Quantitative and Qualitative Research; Data collection techniques are adjusted to the chosen research approach. Quantitative research employs questionnaires, surveys, experiments, or tests to obtain numerical data. In contrast, qualitative research relies on in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation to explore the meanings behind human behavior and experiences. To ensure data credibility, researchers may use triangulation, source checking, and interview confirmation. Moreover, research ethics serve as an essential foundation, including maintaining respondent confidentiality and avoiding data manipulation.

Fourth: Data Analysis Testing Correlation and Influence; Data analysis is conducted after all data have been collected. In quantitative research, analysis typically involves correlational and regression statistics to determine the relationships or effects among variables. Meanwhile, qualitative research analysis is carried out through processes of data reduction, presentation, and thematic conclusion drawing. The main goal of analysis is to discover patterns and meanings within the collected data. The results of such analysis become the foundation for answering research questions and testing hypotheses scientifically.

Research methodology and techniques both quantitative and qualitative are the keys to producing valid and relevant findings. A strong understanding of data, variables, populations, as well as data collection and analysis methods, will lead to systematic, objective, and reliable research. Mastery of methodology enables educational researchers not only to solve academic problems but also to provide valuable recommendations for decision-making and sustainable institutional development.

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*) This article is adapted from the Teaching Material of the Research Methodology Course, Part VI, by Prof. Dr. A. Rusdiana, M.M..(https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)