1) Division of Labor
The division of labor is based on the specialization of labor on a single task that can be completed productively and efficiently, rather than assigning one employee to multiple tasks. This principle of division of labor is still widely used in the modern business world, such as in assembly-line industries.
2) The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the replacement of human labor with machine power. Marketing and production are now based on the need for automation and high-volume production. Society has entered the industrial period, characterized by the development of the service sector and greater attention to the natural and social environment. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the concept of manufacturing. Initially, this concept involved goods being produced using craft production, where skilled workers were able to use simple and flexible tools to produce goods according to customer specifications (Stevenson, 2018). The impact of the Industrial Revolution was the development of industry with the development of standard measurement systems, and the emergence of factories, resulting in the creation of significant employment opportunities.
3) Scientific Management
The concept of scientific management in operations management has two meanings. First, scientific management is the application of scientific methods to solving operational problems. Second, scientific management is a set of mechanisms and techniques to improve the efficiency of organizational operations. This thinking aims to find the best work methods through a scientific approach, namely observation, scientific employee selection, employee training and development, and good cooperation between management and workers. Essentially, it is a management approach that focuses on increasing output by redesigning jobs and determining realistic work outcomes for workers (Reid & Sanders, 2013).
4) Human Relations
The human relations approach emphasizes the importance of motivation and the human element in work design. The satisfaction of social needs within the human relations approach complements the scientific management approach in an effort to increase productivity. Human relations thinking has emphasized the importance of expanding the workforce and is a philosophy based on the recognition that worker productivity can be influenced by factors other than money (Reid & Sanders, 2013).
5) Quantitative Decision Models
Decision models can be used to represent a productive system in mathematical models. The goal of such a method is to find optimal or satisfactory values for various decision variables that will improve system performance within existing constraints.
6) Computers
