Pendekatan hubungan manusiawi menekankan pentingnya motivasi dan unsur manusia dalam desain kerja. Pemuasan kebutuhan-kebutuhan sosial dalam pendekatan hubungan manusiawi telah melengkapi pendekatan manajemen ilmiah, sebagai usaha untuk meningkatkan produkivitas. Pemikiran alian hubungan manusiawi telah mengarahkan pentingnya perluasan kerja, dan merupakan filosofi yang didasarkan pada pengakuan bahwa produktivitas pekerja dapat di pengaruhi faktor selain uang (Reid & Sanders, 2013).
5) Model-model Keputuan Kuantitatif
Model-model keputusan dapat digunakan untuk menyajikan suatu sistem produktif dalam model-model matematika. Tujuan dari satu metode seperti ini adalah untuk menemukan nilai-nilai optimal atau memuaskan berbagai variabel keputusan yang akan meningkakan performance system dengan batasan yang ada.
6) Komputer
Penggunaan komputer telah mengubah secara dramatik bidang manajemen operasi sejak komputer diperkenalkan pertama kali dalam bisnis tahun 1950- an. Hampir semua operasi organisasi sekarang mulai memanfaatkan komputer untuk manajemen persediaan, scheduling produksi, pengawasan kualitas, dan sistem-sistem pembayaran. Selain itu komputer telah banyak membantu pelaksanaan otomtisasi dikantor-kantor dan pabrik-pabrik, memecahkan masalah komunikasi dan transportasi yang komplek, serta digunakan hampir semua tipe organisasi jasa.
~Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris:~
History of Operations Management Development
Operations Management is the activity encompassing the design, implementation, and control of systems that create value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs. Operations management has a long history, stretching from the dawn of civilization to the current digital era. A significant portion of an organization's financial and human resources are invested in activities involved in manufacturing products or providing services. Therefore, operations management is crucial to an organization's success.
According to Heizer and Render (2005), the history of operations management is divided into three focuses: cost focus, quality focus, and customization focus.
The cost focus encompasses the early concepts of operations management, the scientific management era, and the mass production era. Overall, according to Heizer and Render, the development of focus in operations management represents a paradigm shift from cost efficiency to quality improvement, and ultimately to customer satisfaction and product innovation. This shift demonstrates that operations management now functions not only as a production manager but also as a crucial strategy in creating competitiveness and corporate desirability in the digital era. However, before these three concepts, operations activities were already operating under the name of single or unique production (craft production).
The history of the development of operations management shows changes in how organizations manage production processes over time. Initially, production was carried out manually until the Industrial Revolution, which introduced machines and mass production systems. Frederick W. Taylor then developed Scientific Management to increase work efficiency. In the 20th century, Henry Ford pioneered mass production with a cost focus. Furthermore, in the 1980s, a focus on quality emerged with the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM). Entering the modern era, operations management shifted to customization (a focus on customization), emphasizing the importance of innovation and customer satisfaction through the use of technology.
The history of the development of operations management: Operations management emerged after humans began to meet their needs by producing goods and services. The history of the development of operations is described according to major schools of thought. There are six main schools of thought that contributed to the development of operations management:
