Exploring Quantitative and Qualitative Research Techniques and MethodologiesÂ
Muhammad Sholahuddin Al-ayyubi, 5th year student of educational management, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Islamic Teacher Training, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Introduction
The development of educational research requires researchers to master not only theory but also appropriate research methodologies and techniques. Understanding methodology is key to producing valid data, accurate analysis, and scientific conclusions that can be applied. In this context, quantitative research is oriented towards objectivity and numerical measurement, while qualitative research focuses on meaning and social context. This article outlines four important aspects: data and variables, population and instruments, data collection techniques, and analysis and research ethics as the scientific basis in educational management research.
First: Research Data and Variables
Data is a representation of facts used to explain phenomena, while variables are elements of analysis that can be measured. Quantitative research uses numerical data to test cause-and-effect relationships, while qualitative research uses descriptive data to understand the meaning behind phenomena. Variables are divided into independent, dependent, mediating, and moderating variables, with nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement scales. The validity and reliability of data ensure that research results are trustworthy and form the basis for accurate decision-making.
Second: Population, Sample, and Data Collection Instruments
The population is the entire object being studied, while the sample is a representative part of the population. Sampling techniques can be probabilistic (random) and non-probabilistic (based on specific considerations). Data collection instruments such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, tests, and documents are important tools for obtaining empirical information. The validity and reliability of instruments are tested to ensure that the data collected is valid, representative, and in line with the research objectives.
Third: Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Techniques
Quantitative research uses questionnaires, tests, and documentation to obtain numerical data that can be analysed statistically. Conversely, qualitative research uses in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to explore meaning and social context. Triangulation, enumerator training, and systematic documentation are important strategies for maintaining data accuracy and consistency so that research results are more valid, transparent, and scientifically testable.
Fourth: Data Analysis and Research Ethics
Data analysis serves to interpret the relationship between variables, either through correlation or influence tests. Quantitative analysis emphasises statistical tests, while qualitative analysis focuses on themes and meanings. Research ethics are moral guidelines that include respondent consent, maintaining data confidentiality, ensuring fairness, and avoiding manipulation. Ethics ensure that research is conducted honestly, transparently, and with respect for the rights of participants, so that the results are scientifically and socially accountable.
Natizah
Research methodology and techniques are at the heart of scientific research; through valid data, valid instruments, and upheld ethics, research becomes a credible and meaningful source of knowledge for the advancement of education.1
1.This article is a review of Part 6 (Methodology and Technicalities of Quantitative and Qualitative Research) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A Rusdiana, M.M (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/121673/).
CURRICULUM VITAE
Muhammad Sholahuddin Al-Ayyubi Born in Bandung, 29 August 2004. The eldest of two siblings.Â
