Di banyak negara Islam, struktur kekuasaan yang tidak demokratis, elite militer yang kuat, serta intervensi asing membuat mereka rentan terhadap adu domba.
Ketegangan sekte, suku, etnis, dan ideologi juga dimanfaatkan sebagai alat politik---lebih mudah "disetir" ketika solidaritas nasional melemah.
Referensi
AP News. (2025, October 12). Afghanistan says it has killed 58 Pakistani soldiers in overnight border operations. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/6089d7b9cf33d2dcac365808ad3dad53
Reuters. (2025, October 12). Dozens killed in Pakistan-Afghanistan clashes, border closed. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistan-claims-58-pakistani-soldiers-killed-clashes-border-closed-2025-10-12
The Guardian. (2025, October 11). Heavy clashes erupt along Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/11/heavy-clashes-erupt-along-pakistan-afghanistan-border
Anadolu Agency. (2025, October 12). Afghanistan says 9 of its soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistani troops. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/afghanistan-says-9-of-its-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-pakistani-troops/3714909
Dawn News. (2025, October 12). 23 troops martyred, 200 Taliban and affiliated terrorists neutralised in border skirmishes with Afghanistan: ISPR. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1948219
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