Scholars have examined the impact of NAFTA and the USMCA on various aspects of trade relations, including the automotive industry, agricultural trade, labor standards, environmental protection, and the digital economy (Gladstone, 2021). For example, a study by Jos Antonio Alonso and Carlos Rodrguez Gonzlez analyzed the preliminary effects of the USMCA on trade and investment flows, while Kevin Kennedy, James Scott, and Andrs Rozental explored the implications of trade diversion in North America resulting from the USMCA. Other researchers have focused on specific industries, such as Maria C. Lapidus, who examined the new rules of origin for the automotive industry under the USMCA, and Christine Piette Durrance and Sarita K. Shah, who studied the potential impact of the USMCA on the pharmaceutical industry (Ciuriak, 2021). Additionally, scholars have analyzed the USMCA's trade, labor, and environmental provisions, as well as its potential impact on Mexican manufacturing and implementation challenges (Gladstone, 2021). Overall, the dynamics of trade relations among the signatories of NAFTA and the USMCA are complex and multifaceted (Lai, 2021). While these agreements have the potential to spur economic growth and improve trade relations, they also have the potential to lead to job losses, wage stagnation, and environmental degradation if not implemented properly (Haini, 2020).
D. Identify the four main preferential trade agreements in Latin America and the key members of each
There are 4 preferential trade agreements in Latin America:
Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) in PTA there is a reduction or elimination of several tariff posts which are in the interests of the countries involved. In this agreement, the Rules of Origin (ROO) are enforced to determine the status of a product exported to a partner country. The PTA aims to secure market access for each fully participating country. (Richars, 2020). Trade in Good Agreement (TIGA) This agreement includes the reduction or elimination of all product tariff items. This agreement enforces some of the regulatory benefits of the global exchange corporation (WTO). (Echdar, 2020). Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement involving two or more parties that regulates the reciprocal imposition of tariff preferences between parties who have entered into an agreement (WCO, 2020) FTA can be used for preference and non-preferential interests. And finally, and then Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) includes eliminating trade barriers for several goods and services and regulating other economic cooperation such as labor movement, investment and also business competition. (Zhen and Chen, 2021)
E. Identification of the main preferential free trade agreements in the Asia Pacific region
Fifteen countries inside the Asia-Pacific area have signed the world's biggest free alternate agreement, that's anticipated to boost up monetary recovery after being hit by using the coronavirus pandemic. local complete monetary Partnership (RCEP), signed on Sunday (15/11) at the sidelines of the ASEAN annual summit, which was held thru video conference. The dream summit become hosted by using the Vietnam which in flip hosted the RCEP convention. This fact will lower price lists, open up the provider zone and set wellknown exchange regulations inside the location. The agreement covers funding, telecommunications and Copyright (Hardjoko, 2021). This agreement covers 10 ASEAN member international locations; Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei - in conjunction with Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea. missing was India, which withdrew from the RCEP negotiations the subsequent year at the grounds of concern that it's going to open up overseas opposition inside the agricultural and production sectors(Tirtodiningrat, 2022). The chinese optimum celebrated the signing of the settlement pronouncing: "The signing of RCEP isn't always only an essential fulfillment of East Asia regional cooperation however also a victory of multilateralism and free trade." (Li Keqiang, 2020). New post-pandemic optimism. Indonesian President Jokowi in his speech virtually from the Bogor Presidential Palace, West Java, said the success of the RCEP negotiations marked the commitment of nations to the precept of multilateral change that is open, fair and beneficial to all parties (Jokowi, 2020).
F. Describe the various forms of economic integration in Europe.
After international war II, the eu political weather favored the democratic integration of eu international locations, which became visible as an try and avoid the acute nationalism that had sparked preceding wars in Europe. ecu integration itself is a procedure of industrial, political, criminal, economic, social and cultural integration of countries in Europe, european integration is supported via the Council and the eu Union. The system of political integration of the eu Union commenced to be intensified after the bloodless struggle. the ecu Union makes a decision on two criteria, every of which is the premise for financial coverage and ecu political policy.The European Union's economic criteria are known as the Maastricht Criteria, while the European Union's political criteria are known as the Copenhagen Criteria (Arief, 2020). Each European Union member state is required to comply with and fulfill both of these criteria. The preparation of these 2 criteria increases the demand for countries of the former Soviet Union to join the European Union. Strengthening political integration of the European Union was also followed by strengthening the market economy. Countries that want to join the European Union then begin to be strictly selected using two European Union criteria (Azwar, 2021). European Union political integration can also be formed as a result of similarities in history, tradition, culture and politics in its member countries. Europe was built into a form of European integration of democratic values in each EU member state. Mutual trust is the primary principle agreed upon by the members of the European Union in forming and strengthening its politics. The European Union's political history began when the European Union was founded (Azwar, asruddin, 2020). EU politics aims to establish security for European citizens by overcoming all the geopolitical problems they experience. His main interests include diplomacy, international law, negotiations, and multilateralism. European Union politics was formed as an attempt to abolish the tradition of war militarily in solving problems between countries in Europe. (Qobidi, Ainul, 2020).
G. Major regional organization activities in the Middle East
Regional monetary business enterprise, inside this corporation, there are 6 styles of organizations: the primary is SAARC based on December 8, 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh the usa of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives and Sri Lanka. SAARC is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The history to the established order of SAARC turned into the wish of South Asian nations to work together with a spirit of brotherhood, faith and understanding. The goal of SAARC is to shape the economies of South Asian member countries (Suwarno, 2020). The second EEC (citizens of the European Economy) on June 1, 1955 there was a meeting in Messina, Italy, which appointed Paul Henry Spaak (Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs) to chair the committee that had to compile reports on possible collaboration in all economic fields. Officially the EEC was formed on March 25, 1957 and was agreed upon by 15 European countries (Petrikor Immanuel, 2020).
Third, AFTA means the convention of ASEAN countries which was made to produce a free trade place, in order to increase regional economic competitiveness by making the ASEAN region a global production base (Syamsuddin A., 2021). Fourth, NAFTA (North American loose exchange agreement) NAFTA started out operations on January 1, 1994. to begin with NAFTA became applied in 2 international locations, namely the united states and Canada. The heritage to the founding of NAFTA was the American Summit in Chile in April 1988 which discussed increasing cooperation in the field of trade. NAFTA has objectives including: increasing economic growth and employment opportunities, creating a business climate to encourage fair competition (Thomas, 2020). Fifth, CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement) CAFTA is a free trade agreement agreed by the United States and Central American countries such as Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua in the 2003-2004 period. And finally APEC (Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation) APEC was founded in 1989 by several countries in the Asia and Pacific region. The purpose of establishing APEC is to increase economic growth and strengthen the community of countries in the Asia Pacific.
