Facts are realities or actual events that can be observed through the human senses, such as objects, symbols, characteristics, or specific occurrences. In science, facts are objective observations that can be verified by others, and they serve as the foundation for forming data.
Data are records of facts or events that are still raw and meaningless. Data represent the reality of an occurrence or entity and can take many forms, such as numbers, symbols, text, or business transactions. Data serve as input to be processed into information.
Information is the result of processing data so that it has meaning, value, and usefulness for its recipients. Information serves to increase knowledge, reduce uncertainty, and provide a basis for decision-making. According to Gordon B. Davis (1991), information is data that has been processed into a useful form, while Barry E. Cushing (1983) emphasized that information must be beneficial for its users.
The quality of information is determined by how well it meets requirements, specifications, and user expectations. Burch & Grudnitski (1989) highlight three pillars of quality information: accuracy (free from error), timeliness (available when needed), and relevance (suitable for users' needs).
In summary, facts are observed and recorded as data, data are processed into information, and quality information becomes the foundation for effective decision-making. The sequence of Fact Data Information Decision is a key principle in Management Information Systems, especially in the field of education.
Source: Handout SIM Pendidikan Prof. Dr.H.A.Rusdiana,Drs.MM.
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