Methodological and Technical Studies in Quantitative Research

Research is a scientific process for discovering new knowledge and solving problems systematically. In order for the results to be accurate and reliable, research must be supported by appropriate methods and techniques. Two main approaches that are often used are quantitative and qualitative, each with different methods of data collection and analysis. An understanding of data, variables, populations, samples, instruments, and analysis is essential for effective research. This study discusses the methodological and technical foundations of quantitative and qualitative research in order to produce findings that are valid, objective, and useful for the development of science.
First, First, data and variables are important foundations in research because they play a role in the collection and analysis of information. Data are facts that can be measured or observed, either in quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (narrative) form. They are measured using nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Data must be valid in order to measure the right things and reliable so that the results are consistent. Variables are factors that are studied and can change in value, including independent, dependent, moderating, and mediating variables. A good understanding of data and variables helps researchers design appropriate instruments, analyze relationships between factors, and produce valid and useful research results.
Second, Population, sample, and data collection instruments are important components in research. Population is all objects that are the target of research, while sample is a part of the population that represents it. Sampling techniques can be probability (equal opportunity for each member) or non-probability (based on certain considerations). Proper sample selection produces accurate and generalizable data. Data collection instruments such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, tests, and documents are used to obtain research information. Instruments must be tested for validity to ensure they measure the right things and for reliability to ensure consistent results. With good instruments, the data obtained will be objective, accurate, and reliable to support the research results.
Third, data collection techniques in research can be carried out through quantitative and qualitative approaches. In quantitative techniques, data is collected through questionnaires, tests, and documentation to produce numerical data that can be analyzed statistically and objectively. Meanwhile, qualitative techniques are carried out through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to understand meaning and experience in greater depth. Data accuracy is maintained through triangulation and instrument testing, while research ethics emphasize the importance of obtaining consent from respondents and maintaining data confidentiality. The application of appropriate and ethical techniques is very important so that the research results are valid, honest, and reliable.
Fourth, data analysis serves to understand the relationships and influences between variables in research. Correlation is used to see the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables, while regression aims to determine the extent to which independent variables influence dependent variables. Through this analysis, researchers can identify relationship patterns, determine cause-and-effect relationships, and draw accurate conclusions. Accurate data analysis results are an important basis for logical, measurable, and evidence-based decision making.
This study discusses methods and techniques in quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research uses numerical data for statistical analysis, while qualitative research emphasizes meaning and experience through interviews or observation. Data and variables must be valid and reliable for accurate results. Populations, samples, and instruments such as questionnaires or interviews are used to collect representative information. Accuracy is maintained through triangulation and research ethics, such as maintaining respondent confidentiality. Data analysis, such as correlation and regression, helps to understand the relationship between variables and produces objective conclusions that are useful for the development of science.

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*) This work is based on the Teaching Module Part 6  Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodology and Techniques  Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana., M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)