Qori Azzahrawani/ Fifth-Semester Student of Islamic Education Management (S1), MPI Class C, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University, Bandung.
Global phenomena demonstrate the increasing complexity of data due to the digital revolution and socio-economic changes, which demand evidence-based scientific research. The fundamental assumptions of this research include objectivity, reliability, and credibility to ensure the validity of the results. However, there is a gap in students' understanding of the differences between quantitative and qualitative methodologies and the appropriate application of data collection techniques. Therefore, this essay aims to explain the concepts, methods, and analytical techniques in quantitative and qualitative research to produce valid, reliable, and useful data for evidence-based policy.
First: Data is a crucial foundation in research to answer research questions, while variables describe the characteristics being measured. Quantitative research emphasizes numerical data to test hypotheses, while qualitative research utilizes narratives to understand the meaning of phenomena. Variables are divided into independent, dependent, moderating, and mediating variables. Selecting the right type of data and variables ensures the validity of research results. A thorough understanding of both helps researchers design relevant instruments and produce accurate and useful findings.
Second: The population encompasses the entire research object, while the sample is a representative portion of the population. Sampling techniques can be either probability or non-probability, depending on the research objectives. Data collection instruments such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, tests, and documentation are used to obtain accurate information. The validity and reliability of the instruments are tested to ensure consistency of the collected data. Selecting the right sample and instrument allows researchers to produce representative and reliable data to support the scientific research analysis process.
Third: Quantitative data collection techniques include questionnaires, tests, and documentation, which generate numerical data for statistical analysis. Meanwhile, qualitative approaches utilize in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis to understand social meaning. Data triangulation is used to increase validity and reduce research bias. The choice of techniques must be tailored to the objectives and characteristics of the variables being studied. By understanding these two approaches, researchers are able to integrate research results comprehensively, deeply, and meaningfully for the development of science.
Fourth: Data analysis is used to interpret relationships between variables and test hypotheses. In quantitative research, correlation and regression analysis are used to determine the direction and magnitude of influence between variables. Pearson, Spearman, or Kendall correlations indicate the strength of the relationship, while linear regression measures the impact of one or more independent variables. In qualitative research, analysis is conducted through thematic coding. The analysis process helps researchers interpret data objectively and generate valid and applicable conclusions.
Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and techniques serve to produce valid, reliable, and useful data. Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurement, while qualitative research emphasizes in-depth understanding of the meaning of phenomena. Both complement each other in providing a comprehensive picture of scientific reality. A sound understanding of data, variables, and analysis is key to successful research. Through the correct application of methodology, researchers can produce credible findings and support evidence-based policies.
*This article is presented from the Teaching Module for the Islamic Education Management Research Methods Course Part VI: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodology and Techniques (https://eknows.uinsgd.ac.id/mod/assign/view.php?id=302588) Lecturer: Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana., M.M
Qori Azzahrawani. Born in Bandung on December 12, 2004, she is the second child of Mr. Enang Cahyadi and Mrs. Neni Rosmini.
Residential Address: Jl. Sadang, Sukasari Village, RT/RW 02/02, Cileunyi District, Bandung Regency, 40621. Mobile: 083850975844
Email: qoriazzahrawani@gmail.com
Education: Graduated from SDN Cinunuk 01 in 2011-2017, SMP Bakti Nusantara 666 in 2017-2020, SMP Bakti Nusantara 666 in 2020-2023, and SMP Bakti Nusantara 666 in 2023-present. Passed the UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung entrance exam through the UMPTKIN (S1) pathway.
Motivation for entering UIN Sunan Gunung: To develop the knowledge gained at Smk Bakti Nusantara 666, to elevate the status of my parents, and to become a graduate of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung who is beneficial to my family and society.
Motto: Life is a journey, so enjoy every step. You are the one who starts it, so you are also the one who must finish it.
