Paradigm of Scientific and Natural Knowledge

A. The Concept of Scientific Knowledge The scientific paradigm is a perspective that emphasizes knowledge obtained through systematic, rational, objective, and measurable procedures. In educational management research, this paradigm is widely used in quantitative research such as surveys, performance evaluations, and policy tests. Its main principles include the use of empirical methods, the application of objectivity, an emphasis on deductive-inductive logic, verification, and generalization. Research instruments must be valid and reliable so that the results truly reflect the phenomenon. Applications of this paradigm are evident in student satisfaction surveys, teacher evaluations, and educational policy analysis. Its advantages include producing measurable and retestable data, but its disadvantages include its lack of sensitivity to complex social contexts. Nevertheless, the scientific paradigm remains a strong foundation for developing logical, consistent, and useful research.

B. The Concept of Natural Knowledge The natural paradigm emphasizes that social reality is complex, plural, and full of meaning. Knowledge arises from human interactions with their environment, requiring researchers to be directly involved. Qualitative methods are used through observation, interviews, and documentation. The focus is not on numbers, but on meaning. This paradigm produces contextual, value-rich, and relevant understanding for understanding educational phenomena.

C. Differences between Scientific and Natural Paradigms
The scientific paradigm views reality as singular, objective, and measurable, while the natural paradigm views reality as plural, dynamic, and contextual. Epistemologically, the scientific paradigm requires the researcher to distance themselves from the object, while the natural paradigm emphasizes active involvement. Methodologically, the scientific paradigm utilizes quantitative and statistical methods, while the natural paradigm relies on qualitative methods, such as observation, interviews, and narrative analysis.

D. Paradigm Implications The choice of paradigm determines the direction of research. The scientific paradigm is suitable for quantitatively examining variable relationships, while the natural paradigm is more appropriate for understanding social dynamics. Students need to align the paradigm with the problem formulation. In fact, integrating the two through mixed methods is considered ideal for more comprehensive, applicable, and beneficial research.

Both scientific and natural paradigms are important in research. Both have their own advantages and limitations. Integrating them can enrich research results. Students need to understand paradigms to produce relevant and useful research.