A Critical Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodology and Techniques
Neng Resa Rostiani / Student of Educational Management, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
Research is the main pillar of scientific development. Through research, humans are able to answer social, educational, and behavioral phenomena systematically and measurably. In the academic context, two main approaches are widely used: quantitative and qualitative methods. Both have fundamental differences in their paradigms, techniques, and objectives, yet share the same orientation toward the pursuit of scientific truth. The study of research methodology and technical procedures is therefore essential for students and researchers to understand how data are collected, processed, and analyzed in a valid and reliable manner.
First: Core Concepts in Quantitative and Qualitative Research.
Quantitative research is rooted in the positivist paradigm, emphasizing objectivity, numerical measurement, and causal relationships between variables. Its primary goal is to test hypotheses and generate generalizations based on empirical data (Sugiyono, 2012). In contrast, qualitative research is based on the constructivist paradigm, emphasizing meaning, experience, and social interpretation. Data are collected through interviews, observations, and documentation to understand phenomena from participants' perspectives (Creswell, 2014). Thus, the fundamental difference between the two lies in their logic of reasoning and orientation toward reality, although they can complement each other through a mixed-methods approach.
Second: Population, sample, and data collection instruments determine the representativeness of research findings. A population is the entire set of subjects under study, while a sample is a subset of the population used to obtain data. Sampling techniques are divided into probability sampling (random, equal chance) and non-probability sampling (based on specific considerations). Instruments such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, and tests must undergo a pilot test to ensure content validity and reliability before being widely used. This aligns with Sugiyono's (2017) view that valid instruments produce accurate and accountable data.
Third: Data collection techniques must align with the research type. In quantitative research, common methods include questionnaires, tests, and documentation. Meanwhile, qualitative research employs in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Triangulation serves as a key strategy to ensure data accuracy by combining multiple methods and sources. Research ethics, such as obtaining informed consent and maintaining data confidentiality, are moral principles that must not be neglected to ensure research is conducted professionally and responsibly.
Fourth: Data analysis transforms raw data into meaningful information. In quantitative research, correlation analysis (Pearson, Spearman, or Kendall) is used to examine relationships between variables, while regression analysis measures the effect of one variable on another. In qualitative research, analysis involves coding, categorization, and thematic interpretation. The results are then systematically presented in tables, charts, and narratives to facilitate understanding and serve as a foundation for evidence-based decision making.
A comprehensive understanding of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and techniques is an essential skill for every researcher. The two approaches complement each other: quantitative research emphasizes objectivity and measurement, whereas qualitative research emphasizes meaning and context. Through a deep understanding of data, variables, instruments, collection techniques, and data analysis, researchers can produce findings that are valid, reliable, and relevant for advancing scientific knowledge and improving the quality of education.
*) This essay is adapted from the Teaching Module of Research Methodology in Management Studies, Part 6, by Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/121673/)
My name is Neng Resa Rostiani was born in Kp. Cijagra on December 23, 2002. I currently live in Kp. Cijagra, RT 16 RW 06, Ciroyom Village, Cipeundeuy District, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. I can be contacted via phone at +62 878-3176-8639 or by email at nresarostiani@gmail.com.
