Second, promoting alternative transportation options is crucial. Expanding and improving public transportation networks, along with policies that discourage private car dependence---such as congestion pricing or parking levies---can help reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Cities like Singapore and Tokyo have successfully implemented such measures, proving that structured urban mobility is possible with the right policy interventions.
Conclusion: Reclaiming Public Space
Indonesia's sidewalk contestation is not just about finding a place to park; it is a reflection of deeper infrastructural and social inequalities. The state's failure to recognize the dormant nature of car infrastructure has left cities congested, inefficient, and inequitable. If the government insists on supporting automotive investment, it must also account for the spatial inefficiencies and opportunity costs that come with an overreliance on private vehicles. Recent budget cuts in Prabowo's administration threaten to divert resources away from building more proper and connected public transport to reduce car dependency, build more proper sidewalks, and invest in lasting solutions. The question remains: will the government finally take decisive action, or will Indonesians continue to struggle with sidewalk contestation?
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