Phenomena are real symptoms that are interesting to study, data are their empirical representations, while variables are elements of analysis that can be measured or observed. In quantitative research, variables are divided into independent, dependent, and control variables, while in qualitative research, data are examined thematically. Measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio are used to ensure the accuracy of the analysis. Understanding the relationship between phenomena, data, and variables makes research more systematic and capable of producing theories that are relevant to social reality.
Natizah
Paradigms, axioms, and research concepts form the foundation for theory development; without them, research loses its direction, meaning, and scientific strength.1.
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1.This article is a review of Part 5 (Paradigms, Axioms, and Specific Concepts of Quantitative and Qualitative Research) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A Rusdiana, M.M (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/121673/).
CURRICULUM VITAE
Muhammad Sholahuddin Al-Ayyubi Born in Bandung, 29 August 2004. The eldest of two siblings.Â
Address: Kebon Kangkung IX No. 56 129/A.
Tel/Mobile: 085172423092Â
Email:Yubisholahuddin2023@gmail.comÂ
Profession: Student at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Department of Islamic Education Management 5/D
