Scholastic Philosophy (Medieval Philosophy)
Medieval philosophy is commonly called the century of scholastic philosophy. The word is taken from the word schuler which means teaching or school. Later the word scholasticism became a term for philosophy in the 9-15th century which had a special feature, namely philosophy influenced by religion.
To know the style of medieval philosophical thought, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and characteristics of philosophical thought. Some characteristics that need to be understood are:
1) The way of doing philosophy is led by the church.
2) Philosophy in the environment of Aristotle's teachings.
3) Philosophy with the help of Augustine.
Broadly speaking, this medieval philosophy is divided into two periods, namely the Islamic Scholastic Period and the Christian Scholastic Period.
A. Period of Islamic Scholastic Philosophy (Arabic)
The existence of philosophy at this time also marked the glory of the Islamic world, namely during the Abbasid Daula in Baghdad (750-1258) and the Amawiyah Daula in Spain (755-7492). According to Hasbullah Bakry, the term scholastic Islam is rarely used in the Khazanah of Islamic thought. The term often used is kalam science or Islamic philosophy. The two sciences are separated in the discussion.
B. Period of Christian Scholastic Philosophy
In the history of its development can be divided into three, namely:
1. Early Scholastic Period (9-12 CE)
This period is a revival of medieval thought after a decline. The pre-Greek period was due to the strong domination of the church class. At first the scholasticism arose for the first time in the monastery of South Italy and eventually affected other regions. In the schools at that time the curriculum was implemented which included worldly studies or arts liberales which included grammar, rhetoric, dialectics (the art of discussion), arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.
2. The Golden Scholastic Period
Since the middle of the 12th century non-krisriani works began to emerge and Islamic philosophers began to influence. The period of scholastic glory that lasted from 1200-1300 AD
In general there are several factors that make the scholastic period reach golden, namely:
a. The influence of Aristotle, Ibn Rasyd, Ibn Sina, since the 12th century until the 13th century has grown into extensive science.
b. In 1200 AD was founded the University of Almamater in France. This alma mater is the embryo of the founding of Universities in Paris, Oxford, and others.
c. The founding of orders was due to the large amount of attention given to science that gave rise to a strong urge to provide a lively atmosphere in the 13th century. The most famous figures of this time were Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aguinas.
3. Final Scholastic Period
This period was marked by the laziness of philosophical thinking that led to the stagnation of Christian scholastic philosophical thought. At this time the most famous figure, namely Nicolaus Cusanus (1401-1404 AD). According to him there are three ways to recognize, namely: through the senses, reason and intuition. Nicolaus's thought is considered an attempt to unite all medieval thought to a broader synthesis. This synthesis leads to the future and this thought implies a humanist thought.
