Research Study : Paradigm, Axioms, and Key Concepts in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

 

Fourth, A phenomenon is a tangible occurrence that captures the researcher's attention and becomes the starting point for developing problems, concepts, and hypotheses. From these phenomena, researchers collect data, which may take the form of numbers in quantitative research or narratives and texts in qualitative research. The data are then analyzed through variables---characteristics that vary and serve as the focus of study. Variables can be independent, dependent, moderating, mediating, or control, depending on the analytical purpose. To measure these variables, researchers use measurement scales, including nominal (categories without order), ordinal (categories with order but unequal intervals), interval (ordered with equal intervals but without an absolute zero), and ratio (ordered with equal intervals and an absolute zero, allowing all mathematical operations).

 

Quantitative research rests on a positivist paradigm emphasizing objectivity, measurement, and generalization, while qualitative research is based on a constructivist paradigm emphasizing meaning, context, and social interpretation. Every study begins with a clear and relevant problem, elaborated through concepts with conceptual and operational definitions that can be systematically tested. Constructs and indicators bridge theory and data, operationalized through research instruments where validity ensures the credibility of findings. Furthermore, phenomena, data, and variables form the basis of analysis, measured through nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales to produce accurate and meaningful findings.

 

This paper is summarized from the Teaching Material of the Management Research Methodology Course Part 5, by Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, MM. 

 

https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673