Understanding Paradigm, Axioms, and Spacific Concepts In Quantitative And Quali Research

The development of science and technology has triggered various studies to respond to real issues in society. Each study is based on the assumption that each approach has a different paradigm and framework of thinking in understanding reality. However, there is still a gap between the theory studied and research practice in the field, which often causes obstacles in designing valid studies. This material aims to bridge this gap by providing an understanding of the paradigms, axioms, and concepts of quantitative and qualitative research, so that students are able to select, organize, and conduct research in accordance with academic and practical objectives.

First: Quantitative research is based on a positivistic paradigm that views reality as something objective, singular, and measurable. Its main objectives are to test hypotheses, find cause-and-effect relationships, and produce generalizations. Data is collected through surveys, tests, and experiments, then processed using statistical analysis. In contrast, qualitative research is based on a constructivist paradigm that views reality as complex, dynamic, and shaped by social interaction. The emphasis is on the meaning, experience, and interpretation of participants, using methods such as interviews, observation, and document analysis.

Second: Axioms are the basis of assumptions in research. Quantitative research assumes that reality is objective, measurable, testable, that researchers are neutral, and that the results can be generalized. Conversely, qualitative research views reality as complex, influenced by values, with researchers playing a direct role and emphasizing deep understanding. These differences determine the direction and strategy of the research.

Third: Constructs are scientific representations of a concept used to explain phenomena. For example, "learning motivation" is not directly observable, but can be measured through indicators such as interest, participation, attendance, or perseverance. Indicators as tangible aspects help researchers develop valid and reliable instruments so that theoretical concepts can be proven with empirical facts.

Fourth: Phenomena are social or educational realities that are the focus of research. These phenomena are manifested in the form of data, either in the form of numbers in quantitative research or narratives in qualitative research. The data is then processed into information to answer the research questions. In a quantitative approach, variables are the main components of analysis, including independent, dependent, moderator, and control variables. Meanwhile, a qualitative approach focuses more on themes and categories that emerge from the data. Accuracy in determining phenomena, data, and variables greatly affects the validity of research results.