By Muhamad Saharoni, 5th Semester Student, Bachelor's Degree in Islamic Educational Management, Class MPI V-C, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung
In the academic world, research serves as the main foundation for developing knowledge and making data-based decisions. The phenomenon that often occurs in educational settings shows that many students perceive research merely as a final project, not as a complete scientific process. The assumption is that conducting research simply means distributing questionnaires and processing data using statistical software. However, there is a fundamental gap between technical understanding and methodological comprehension. Without a strong methodological foundation, research results may lose their scientific meaning. Therefore, understanding the application of both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and techniques is crucial so that academic research produces not only data but also valuable knowledge.
First, every research study begins with data and variables that become the focus of investigation. In quantitative research, data are usually numerical and are analyzed to find relationships between variables, such as the influence of motivation on academic achievement. Meanwhile, in qualitative research, data are descriptive---in the form of narratives, interviews, or observations---aimed at understanding the meaning behind a phenomenon. Variables play an essential role in quantitative research as the basis for formulating hypotheses and determining the direction of analysis. On the other hand, in qualitative research, the researcher emphasizes context and interpretation of meaning rather than merely examining relationships between variables.
Second, the success of a research project greatly depends on the selection of population, sample, and data collection instruments. The population includes all research subjects, while the sample represents a smaller group that reflects the whole. In quantitative research, sampling is carried out systematically so that results can be generalized. Instruments such as questionnaires, Likert scales, or tests are used to measure variables with a certain level of validity and reliability. Conversely, qualitative research does not emphasize the number of samples but rather the depth of information. In-depth interviews, participatory observations, or document analyses are the main tools used to explore the meaning of each phenomenon studied.
Third, data collection techniques in quantitative and qualitative research differ fundamentally. Quantitative research emphasizes standardized measurement and strict procedures to ensure that results are objective and replicable. Meanwhile, qualitative research is flexible, allowing researchers to adjust questions and approaches according to the field context. Both approaches require scientific sensitivity: quantitative research maintains accuracy, while qualitative research preserves meaning. The integration of these two techniques, known as mixed methods, is now widely used to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of educational issues.
Fourth, data analysis becomes a crucial stage in interpreting research findings. In the quantitative approach, analysis may involve correlation and influence tests to examine relationships between variables, often assisted by statistical tools such as SPSS or Excel. Meanwhile, in qualitative research, analysis is conducted through processes of data reduction, categorization, and conclusion drawing based on emerging themes. The goal is not only to identify relationships but also to understand the reasons behind those relationships. With proper analysis, research results can provide concrete recommendations for educational policy development and improvement of teaching practices.
Ultimately, the application of research methodology and techniques is not merely an academic skill but also a reflection of a researcher's scientific integrity. When students and educators understand the logic behind methods, choose appropriate techniques, and interpret data critically, research becomes a reflective tool for understanding and improving the world of education. Through research grounded in sound methodology, the academic world will continue to generate knowledge that is relevant, meaningful, and contributes significantly to the nation's advancement.)Â
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This article is adapted from the Teaching Module for the Course Research Methods in Islamic Educational Management Part 6: Methodology and Techniques of Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673).
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