Chapter A. Basic Concepts of Management Information Systems
1. Â Â Definition of Information Systems
o   System: a set of interrelated elements that work together to achieve a goal. Systems are divided into open systems (there is interaction with the environment) and closed systems (minimal interaction, with clear objectives and feedback).
o   Information: data that has been processed to be meaningful for decision making.
o   Management: the art of managing work through others, including planning, implementation, evaluation, and supervision.
2. Â Â The Essence of MIS
o   MIS is a data processing system that produces relevant information to reduce decision uncertainty.
o   MIS existed before computers, but is now ICT-based (computers, internet, satellites, telephones, radio/TV, cameras).
3. Â Â Benefits of ICT-based SIMDIK
o   Increases the productivity of school administrators.
o   Supports planning, supervision, evaluation, and learning.
