Author:
By Chandra Meiriyanto, (1232010131) 5th Semester Student, Class D, Department of Islamic Education Management,
Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Undergraduate Program,
Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University, BandungÂ
Educational research is not only about methods and data analysis. At its core, research requires a strong philosophical foundation to guide how problems are framed, concepts are defined, and results are interpreted. Building a scientific framework means understanding paradigms, axioms, and key concepts that form the very basis of inquiry.
First, the paradigms. Quantitative research rests on a positivistic paradigm, assuming reality is singular, objective, and measurable. It emphasizes testing hypotheses and producing generalizations through numbers and statistics. In contrast, qualitative research is rooted in constructivism, seeing reality as plural, dynamic, and socially constructed. It values context, meaning, and interaction, relying on observation, interviews, and narratives.
Second, the axioms. Every research approach is guided by philosophical assumptions. Ontologically, quantitative research assumes an objective reality, while qualitative research assumes multiple realities. Epistemologically, quantitative studies value distance and neutrality, while qualitative studies highlight involvement and subjectivity. Methodologically, quantitative relies on measurement, while qualitative focuses on exploration and interpretation.
Third, concepts, constructs, and indicators. Concepts represent abstract ideas, constructs develop them into theoretical frameworks, and indicators make them measurable. Operational definitions bridge theory and practice, ensuring that researchers can test, analyze, and replicate findings systematically. Without these, research risks losing clarity and direction.
Fourth, phenomena, data, and variables. Phenomena are observable realities. Data capture them in structured ways, while variables become the core of analysis. Choosing appropriate measurement scales—nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio—determines the validity and reliability of research outcomes.
These foundations are not abstract theory but practical guidelines for conducting meaningful research. Quantitative approaches bring precision, while qualitative approaches bring depth. When both are combined in mixed methods, research becomes more comprehensive, balancing objectivity with contextual understanding.
Ultimately, building a scientific framework requires awareness that paradigms, axioms, and concepts are not optional—they are essential. They shape not only the methodology but also the credibility and relevance of research itself. In education, this awareness ensures that research results are not just academically valid but also practically meaningful for solving real-world challenges.
Chandra Meiriyanto, born in Bekasi City on May 17, 2003, is the only child of Mr. Jakaria and Mrs. Siti Memunah.
Residential Address: Jl. Masjid Al Mabrur, Kranggan Wetan Rt 01/011, Jatirangga Subdistrict, Jatisampurna District, Bekasi City, West Java.
Current Address: Jl. Desa Cipadung No. 234, Cibiru District, Bandung City, West Java.
Phone: 085213861159
Email: chandmrynt@gmail.com
*) This article is a review of Part V (Paradigms, Axioms, and Research Concepts) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)Â
