Understanding Paradigms, axioms, and Specific Concepts in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

In the world of educational research, understanding paradigms, axioms, and concepts in quantitative and qualitative research is an important foundation for researchers. Paradigms provide direction for thinking and determine the approach used, while axioms form the basis of assumptions that distinguish between singular and plural realities. This understanding helps researchers determine the methods, validity, and relevance of research concepts and variables so that the results can be scientifically justified.

First, quantitative and qualitative research have different paradigms. Quantitative research is based on a positivistic paradigm that emphasizes objectivity, numerical measurement, and the regularity of relationships between variables. Meanwhile, qualitative research is based on a constructivist paradigm that emphasizes meaning and social interaction. In practice, quantitative research tends to use surveys and experiments, while qualitative research relies on in-depth interviews and participatory observation to understand the context and experiences of individuals.

Second, axioms in research are basic assumptions that are not debated and form the foundation of researchers' thinking. In quantitative research, the axiom is that reality is singular, objective, and measurable. Conversely, in qualitative research, reality is considered plural and shaped through social interaction. Therefore, the approaches and validity used are also different. Quantitative research prioritizes the accuracy of measuring instruments and data reliability, while qualitative research focuses on the validity of meaning and depth of interpretation.

Third, concepts, constructs, indicators, and variables are important elements in the research process. Constructs are abstract representations of the phenomena being studied, while indicators are measuring instruments that show the intensity or existence of these constructs. The operationalization process is necessary so that constructs can be converted into valid data collection instruments. The validity of indicators is essential to ensure that the data collected truly represents the reality being studied and is scientifically accountable.

Fourth, phenomena, data, and variables serve as the link between theory and empirical reality. Phenomena are social phenomena that are interesting to study, while data are the results of observations that represent these phenomena. In quantitative research, variables are the focus of analysis, enabling researchers to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Through measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, researchers can classify data according to its nature so that the research results are systematic and measurable.

Understanding the paradigms, axioms, and specific concepts of quantitative and qualitative research is very important for researchers in choosing methods that are appropriate for the research objectives. Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity and measurement, while qualitative research focuses on meaning and social context. By understanding the differences in paradigms and research components such as constructs, indicators, and variables, researchers can produce scientific work that is valid, relevant, and useful for the development of science.

This article is summarized from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods Part 5 course: Paradigms, Axioms, And Specific Concepts Of Quantitative And Qualitative Research. Lecturer: Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M. https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673