What Are The Methods And Techniques in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

By : Rizqoh Maulida/5th Semester Student/D Department of Islamic Education Management, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University, Bandung

Research is crucial in education for addressing various learning issues. Due to a lack of in-depth understanding of data and variables, this phenomenon remains the subject of many inaccurate studies. Some researchers believe that data collection is simple enough without considering validity and reliability. This leads to a gap between ideal research theory and often flawed research practices. Therefore, to ensure more valid, objective, and accountable research results, it is crucial to understand the concepts of data, variables, data collection techniques, and research analysis.

First, The two types of research data are quantitative and qualitative. The former focuses on in-depth understanding of social phenomena through observation, interviews, or document analysis. The latter focuses on measurements and numbers, such as test results or questionnaires on a specific scale. Four measurement scales are known for assessing variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal scales are used to define the object of research, ordinal scales show hierarchical phenomena, interval scales allow for the calculation of averages, and ratio scales provide the most accurate data.

Second, A population is the entire object of research, while a sample is a subset of that population selected for analysis. Sampling methods are divided into probability and non-probability sampling. Probability methods rely on the researcher's subjective judgment, while non-probability methods provide an equal chance for each member of the population to be selected. Data collection tools can include questionnaires, observations, interviews, tests, and documents. However, to ensure the validity of these instruments, they must be pre-tested. This process is essential to reduce data collection errors and ensure the reliability of research results.

Third, Quantitative approaches typically use questionnaires, tests, and documentation. Questionnaires are used to obtain written responses, tests to measure abilities, and documentation to obtain objective data. Qualitative approaches use observation, interviews, and document analysis to obtain further information. Strategies such as triangulation, instrument pilot testing, the use of field researchers, and thorough documentation are necessary to ensure data accuracy and consistency. Ethical data collection practices include obtaining respondent consent, maintaining data confidentiality, stating the purpose of the study, and avoiding manipulation. 

Fourth, Correlation analysis is used to determine how variables relate to each other, thereby identifying relevant patterns. Meanwhile, influence analysis is used to determine the extent of influence independent variables have on dependent variables. To answer research questions correctly, analysis results must be carefully interpreted. To facilitate reader understanding, research results are presented in narrative form, tables, and graphs. 

After reviewing the material above, it is clear that understanding data and research variables is crucial to the scientific research process. Accurate research results will be generated from valid and reliable data. Furthermore, appropriate data collection and analysis methods will strengthen research findings. To be academically accountable, researchers must adhere to research standards and present their findings systematically.

________

*) This article is summarized from the Teaching Module for the Management Research Methods Part 6 course taught by Prof. Dr. HA Rusdiana, MM (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)