By Zaskia Ratu Aliya (1232010110)
5th Semester Student/D Department of Islamic Education Management, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Bachelor's Degree Program, Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University, Bandung
Today's complex phenomena demand intelligent research. This chapter assumes that understanding the paradigm (quantitative vs. qualitative) is key. Gaps in research often arise due to the inappropriate selection of methods. The purpose of this chapter is to explain fundamental concepts (axioms, constructs, variables) so that researchers are able to design and interpret valid studies for evidence-based policy.
First, Key Concepts in Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Research is a philosophical decision. Quantitative (Positivism) focuses on measurement, singular reality, and generalization through numerical data to test hypotheses. Qualitative (Constructivism) focuses on meaning, multiple realities, and deep understanding (verstehen) through narratives/texts. The consistency of research is determined by the choice of paradigm and axioms that underlie methodology and validity.
Second, Problems and Concepts in Research. Research begins with Problem Identification. These problems are clarified by Conceptual Definitions (theoretical explanations) which are then translated into Operational Definitions (methods of measurement or observation) to ensure that the research makes a theoretical contribution.
Third, Conceptual Constructs and Indicators. Constructs are abstract concepts (e.g., motivation) that are observed. Indicators are measurable variables that indicate the existence of constructs. The operationalization process transforms indicators into data collection instruments, and validity becomes the main criterion for measurement quality.
Fourth, Phenomena, Data, and Variables. Phenomena are observable events that serve as the starting point for research. Data are observable representations of phenomena (numbers for quantitative data, narratives/texts for qualitative data). Variables are the core of quantitative research used for cause-and-effect analysis, classified using measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).
Quantitative research focuses on measurement and generalization, while qualitative research focuses on meaning and context. Paradigms and methodologies determine the validity of research. Concepts such as constructs and variables are important in analysis.
*) This article is a review of Part V (Paradigms, Axioms, Specific Concepts of Quantitative and Qualitative Research) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A Rusdiana,M.M (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)
(Sumber : CV Zaskia Ratu Aliya)