Paradigm and Axioms as the Philosophical Foundation in Research Decision- Making

Paradigms and axioms serve as the philosophical foundation that shapes how researchers view reality, design studies, and determine the truth of their findings. A paradigm provides a conceptual framework guiding researchers in interpreting phenomena, selecting methods, and defining criteria for validity. Axioms, on the other hand, are fundamental assumptions that are accepted without debate, forming the basis for understanding the nature of reality, relationships among variables, and the values underlying research activities. 

First, In quantitative research, the dominant paradigm is positivism, which assumes that reality is singular, objective, and measurable. Its axioms emphasize causality, generalization, and researcher neutrality. Therefore, quantitative research employs systematic and measurable methods---such as experiments or surveys---to ensure results that are valid, reliable, and replicable. This paradigm is particularly suitable for studies seeking precision, prediction, and causal explanation.

Second, Conversely, qualitative research is grounded in the constructivist paradigm, which views reality as socially constructed, multiple, and contextual. Its axioms assert that truth is relative and dependent on human experience and interpretation. In this view, the researcher becomes part of the process of meaning-making rather than an external observer. Thus, qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and participant observation are employed to explore meaning, experience, and social interaction in a holistic manner.

Third, Understanding paradigms and axioms is essential for sound research decision-making. Without a clear philosophical basis, researchers risk selecting inappropriate methods or instruments that do not align with the nature of their research problem. Methodological choices can only be justified when they are grounded in a coherent philosophical rationale. For instance, a study aimed at understanding subjective experiences cannot rely on quantitative measurement but must employ qualitative inquiry that captures meaning and context.

fourth, Moreover, paradigms and axioms shape how researchers perceive validity and scientific truth. In quantitative research, validity is determined by the accuracy of instruments and reliability of data. In qualitative research, validity depends on credibility, triangulation, and interpretive authenticity. Hence, choosing a paradigm is not merely a technical act---it is a philosophical commitment that influences every aspect of the research process.

Ultimately, paradigms and axioms act as a scientific compass, ensuring that research is conducted consistently, rationally, and meaningfully. They guide researchers in selecting methods, constructing instruments, and interpreting results responsibly. A researcher who understands these philosophical foundations can produce not only valid data but also knowledge that contributes significantly to the advancement of science and social practice.

Muhammad Hilmi Muhajir, born in Ciamis on October 24, 2004, is the second child of Mr. Diding Tajudin and Mrs. Siti Hajar.
Home Address: Kp. Cikowari RT 01 RW 07, Sirnabaya Village, Rajadesa District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province.
Current Residence: Miftahut-Taufiq Islamic Boarding School, Jl. Mekarsari II, RT 02 RW 09, Pasir Biru, Cibiru, Bandung City, West Java, Postal Code 40615.
Phone: +62 895-0491-9264
Email: cenkeep@gmail.com 

*) This article is a review of Part V (Paradigms, Axioms, and Research Concepts) from the teaching materials for the Management Research Methods course, taught by Prof. Dr. H. A. Rusdiana, M.M. (https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/121673)