A. Characteristics and Role of Management Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS) provide information to support operations, management, and decision making. MIS is structured, improves cost efficiency, provides reports, and plays a role in automation, coordination, and integration of organizational subsystems. Technically, MIS is capable of real-time data processing, data communication, file search, decision algorithms, and office automation. The application of MIS is increasingly urgent due to the increasing complexity of business, the development of computer technology, and the need for managers to have communication and problem-solving skills.
B. Management Information System Components
MIS components include four main perspectives. First, functionally, they include administrative systems, management reporting, databases, search systems, and data management. Second, in terms of building blocks, they consist of inputs, models, outputs, technology, hardware, software, databases, and controls that interact with each other to produce quality information. Third, physically, it involves hardware, software, databases, operating procedures, and personnel such as analysts, programmers, and managers. Fourth, from the perspective of information quality, it is determined by six elements, namely the root, bar, branch, stick, bud, and leaf of information, which ensure the accuracy, relevance, and timeliness of information.
C. Management Information System Structure
The MIS structure is divided into formal systems that follow organizational norms and informal systems that run through unofficial channels. The main areas of MIS consist of input, processing, output, and database storage. Based on management activities, MIS supports operational control, management control, and strategic planning. From an organizational function perspective, MIS covers marketing, production, logistics, personnel, finance, information technology, and top management subsystems. The conceptual and physical structure of MIS involves functional subsystems, databases, general applications, and analysis and decision models to simplify processes and improve efficiency.
D. Management Information System Structure Approach
The MIS approach can be viewed from several perspectives. First, based on operational elements that include physical components and processing functions. Second, as a decision support system in both structured and unstructured forms. Third, based on management activities that include operational control, management control, and strategic planning. Fourth, based on organizational functions, where MIS acts as a federation of subsystems that support specific functions within the organization.
Conclusion
Management Information Systems are an integrated framework for presenting information that supports organizational operations, control, and planning. MIS is structured, efficient, and improves the quality of decisions. Its components include functional aspects, building blocks, physical devices, and information quality. The structure of MIS includes formal and informal systems, management activities, and organizational functions. Its approach can be seen from the elements of operations, decision support, management activities, and organizational functions. Thus, MIS is very important in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of educational management and modern organizations.